Topics For A Chronicle Of A Death Foretold Essay

<h1>Topics For A Chronicle Of A Death Foretold Essay</h1><p>A barely any years back I was approached to compose a subject exposition for a center school class on a theme about death and anticipating. This is the article that all understudies got, however none of the understudies really read.</p><p></p><p>These days, understudies are considerably more prone to peruse and take part in their expositions, so I needed to share a smidgen about the subjects for the Chronicle of a Death Foretold paper. A point for this paper as a rule centers around one of two general classes: Either it will be a demise that happens soon, or it will be a passing that happens in the future.</p><p></p><p>For center school understudies, it tends to be much harder to consider what's on the horizon for them. It's normal for some children to either begin ingesting medications, or engaging in groups at a youthful age. So regardless of whether they do realize the passing will occur later on, they may make some hard memories trusting it, considerably less getting up the nerve to compose the paper about it.</p><p></p><p>In a few cases, center school understudies may feel like their folks don't need them to partake in subjects this way. They may be worried about the possibility that that their folks will feel that they're being rebellious.</p><p></p><p>The subject for the Chronicle of a Death Foretold exposition must be one that youngsters can identify with. By identifying with the subject of death, an understudy can think of an entire pack of various subjects. It doesn't need to be identified with their preferred animation character, as long as they get the idea driving it.</p><p></p><p>Next, the point must be something that isn't exhausting, yet that they can consider. Just by making the subject intriguing enough, they ought to have the option to plunk down a nd truly compose it. A troublesome subject to expound on is something as basic as the weather.</p><p></p><p>With climate, you don't need to manage the dread of death. You simply need to get your psyche chipping away at the climate. It's an extraordinary method to communicate the idea of life and demise, yet without stressing over losing your breath, or having a monstrous heart attack.</p><p></p><p>As you can see, I attempted to make this point as straightforward as could be expected under the circumstances. There are no principles that you need to adhere to in the event that you need to do this, yet in the event that you pick something that you can identify with, you'll have the option to get past it in a matter of moments at all.</p>

Research Paper Topics - The Personal and The Professional

Research Paper Topics - The Personal and The ProfessionalOne of the advantages to working on a two sided research paper is that you are able to see the complete research project from start to finish, both in your head and in real life. Of course there are lots of other advantages to this, but this is one of the easiest and best ways to work on a research paper.Although you may have a rough idea of how long the project will take, it is good to know how much time you actually spend in the process of completing it, not just in the planning stage. This will enable you to work out exactly what time frame you need to get the project finished before the deadline.Planning and doing the research is an easy part of the job and many people prefer this process to thinking about the paper and writing it. But the research paper topics themselves can be very hard to work out because you have to work out exactly what information you want to include and which you don't.One of the easiest research pap er topics to work out is an area that many people find very hard to approach: the personal. Since so much time is taken in trying to get that right first impression, it is worth spending some time thinking about what makes us different from others.For example, we find it easier to get to know people by talking to them rather than trying to think about their personal life and what they like to do. By getting to know people and building relationships with them, we can create a trusting relationship with them, which in turn can be beneficial to us as well as helping them.Other times we find that people have things that are truly special to them, and it is the price we pay for living in such a place or being born into such a family. We should take a lot of time to find out about what they love about their home, the people in it, the family they belong to and all the experiences they have enjoyed there.If we find ourselves with a passion for something we should be able to build a full-ti me career around it, but many people become obsessed with their hobbies or interests. Not all hobbies can support a full-time career though and we need to know where the time and money are going to come from to pursue these hobbies.The internet is a great source of information for finding out about personal experience and research papers. You will find loads of people who have written blogs, articles, and books about their hobbies, and you can use them as references for your research paper topic.

Critique Essay Topics

Critique Essay TopicsCritique essay topics vary according to the students' interests and the area of study. Elementary writing has no boundaries when it comes to the topics on which it is to be written.A review is one of the most effective ways to prepare for an exam paper. However, it may seem like something that is extremely complicated and even time consuming if you do not know what to write about. To give a critique essay topic a broader scope, you can either simply take the general form of your grade assignment or combine this topic with another topic.In a broad sense, the aim of the task is to analyze the assignment in terms of what you can learn from it and how it impacts your success at the examination. The essays that follow a high grade assignment are usually very challenging for the students. The more challenging the assignment is, the more difficult it is for you to gain enough information in your head and put it in writing.The assignment in itself has given you the grade s you need to have for the grade assignment in order to fulfill the requirements for the class. It does not matter how good the grade is since the grade are of no importance for you. The grade is just an indication of how far you have come and how far you have to go to get better grades.An essay on a grade assignment can be considered as a critique, a personal reflection or a reflection on the instructor. To make a true critique, you need to assess your performance and assess what you can improve upon. A piece of advice that you might want to be remembered is to always keep in mind that your grade or your credit at least serves to motivate you to work harder. An assessment of your skill can often prompt you to discover things that you were unaware of and can give you the motivation to work harder.In most cases, a high grade assignment can be hard for a student to write. It may be difficult for you to make use of all the words that you might need to write. In order to have more clari ty, you need to develop certain tools and strategies that will help you.The most important thing is to understand that you are just a vessel and you are only a means to an end. When you find yourself going beyond the line, it is the student's responsibility to ensure that he/she comes back to earth to finish their assignment.

Umemployment Conditions in Pakistan - 1514 Words

Definition An economic condition marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired. Unemployment is expressed as a percentage of the total available work force. The level of unemployment varies with economic conditions and other circumstances. Unemployment describes the state of a worker who is able and willing to take work but cannot find it. As indicated by the unemployment rate and other yardsticks, unemployment is an important measure of the economys strength. A high unemployment rate generally indicates an economy in recession with few job opportunities, while a low unemployment rate points to an economy running at or near full throttle. A low unemployment rate has its downside for stock prices, however: it may be a harbinger of higher interest rates that will slow both an overheated economy and the rise in equity values. In recent years, theres been much controversy over what the true level of U.S. unemployment is. Some economists have relied more on the governments establishment survey data, which emphasizes the number of new jobs, rather than household survey data, which is used to compute the headline unemployment rate. Moreover, new technologies and lifestyle changes, which are increasing the number of temporary, contract, and self-employed workers, are making it more difficult to define what unemployment is. Economy of an individual is at the utmost priority of every democratic as well as welfare state. Since the dawn of human

Perioperative Nursing free essay sample

Introduction Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures done in Otorhinolaryngologic department. Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure that is often performed to remove the tonsils from either side of the throat. According to Eisele Smith (2009), roughly about 500000 cases of tonsillectomy are done annually nonetheless, tonsillectomy have seen a tremendous evolution during the last two decades where patient selection and pre-operative evaluation have improved, various new techniques have been developed and the procedure has become largely ambulatory. Hence, it is essential for all perioperative nurses to be familiar with the procedure instruments and management of a tonsillectomy patient. There are many surgical methods for tonsillectomy. The methods can be the cold steel dissection where the tonsils are removed as a whole using sharp metal instruments and the bleeding is controlled with ties or sutures (Hazarika Nayak, 2005). Methods by using monopolar or bipolar diathermy where the tonsils are dissected using the diathermy. Tonsillectomy can also be done by using the laser and finally the most commonly used now in most hospital is the coblation method. Coblation is a radio-frequency dissection method that cuts the tissue by breaking down the inter-cellular bonds and seals the wound at the same time. It is a bipolar system working through a medium of normal saline that is incorporated in a disposable wand and also consist of a built-in suction (De Souza, 2010). The following is a case study of a patient undergoing tonsillectomy surgery using the Coblation method. Miss D is a 19 year old female that was previously seen in the emergency department on the 3rd of October for cough. She returned to the emergency department on the 11th of October for the same problem and claimed to have odynophagia. Aside from this, Miss D has a painful lump on the left posterior neck. This is her third episode this year. Miss D is treated with antibiotics augmentin, corticosteroid prednisolone and difflam. Miss D is given an appointment to see an Otorhinolaryngologic specialist on the 22nd October 2010 and was scheduled for surgery on the 3rd of November for Tonsillectomy. Anatomy and Physiology of the Tonsils There are three different structures referred to as tonsils. The tonsils also known as palatine tonsils are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat where each tonsil is composed of tissue similar to lymph nodes that is covered by pink mucosa. Another set of tonsils called the lingual tonsils are located under the tongue and lastly are the adenoids that are embedded in the upper rear wall of the oral cavity. The adenoids also known as pharyngeal tonsils are often prominent in childhood but usually diminish in size during adulthood. All of the tonsillar structures are part of the lymphatic system and contain lymphoid tissue. The physiological function of the tonsils is to process lymphatic fluid and it serves to fend off infections. The tonsils grow in size whenever the body is fighting an infection (Sigler Schuring, 1993). Indications and Sign Symptoms of Tonsillectomy. Some of the indications for tonsillectomy are recurrent episodes of acute tonsillitis where the patient suffers more than six episodes per year or more than three attacks per year for more than two years. Chronic tonsillitis where there are signs of chronic disease such as enlarged cervical nodes or anterior pillar congestions. Other indications for tonsillectomy are peritonsillar abscess and obstructive tonsillar hyperplasia where the patient presents with varying degrees of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (Hazarika Nayak, 2005). The signs and symptoms are red, swollen tonsils, white or yellow coating or patches on the tonsils, sore throat, difficult or painful swallowing and fever (De Souza, 2010). Pre-operative Phase One day before surgery, pre-operative instructions such as no eating and drinking after midnight and removing all metal objects and jewelers were reinforced to Miss D by the clinic nurse. On the morning of the surgery, Miss D is brought to the operating theatre and the operative site were confirmed along with her identity, consent, operative site, blood results and drug allergy by the reception nurse using the perioperative checklist. Following this, Miss D is brought into the assigned operating room and similar checks are done by the anesthesia nurse, circulating nurse and the scrub nurse using the perioperative checklist. The anesthesia nurse ensures the functioning and availability of the anesthesia machine that includes ventilator, vaporizers, scavenging system, gas inlets, suction machine and carbon dioxide absorber canister. The anesthesia nurse gathers all the necessary requisites for general anesthesia and ensures the availability of resuscitation drugs. The scrub and circulating nurse ensures the good functioning order of the operating table, operating light, headlight, light source, electrical surgical unit, suction machine and Coblator machine. The operating room temperature and humidity should be kept at an optimal level. The scrub nurse and the circulating nurse gathers all the required requisites and sets needed according to the surgeon preference list. The consumables and loose instruments required include: †¢White soft paraffin †¢Xylocaine 2% with adrenaline Cartridge †¢ENT drape pack †¢Raytec gauze †¢Tonsil swabs †¢Suction tubing †¢Insulated diathermy forcep straight †¢Draffin bipods †¢Coblator handpiece †¢500mls normal saline †¢Hydrogen Peroxide Sets needed includes: †¢Tonsil set †¢Cleansing set Before each case, the scrub nurse will check all the instruments for any defects and place the instruments appropriately on the trolley. The instruments are set up with commonly used instruments easily accessible. Both scrub nurse and circulating nurse performed the initial count together. While in the operating room with Miss D, the anesthesia nurse provided bair hugger to keep Miss D warm and properly placed and secured the ECG leads, blood pressure cuff and pulse oximeter on Miss D away from the surgery site to prevent any interference to the surgery. The anesthesia nurse ensured proper taping of nasotracheal tube and eye to prevent kinking of tube and corneal abrasion to the eyes and the ensured that the eyes are free from pressure points. Miss D was placed in a supine position with a head donut under her head and sand bag under shoulder with head slightly extended. Her left arm extended on an arm board for IV access. Position of the arm on the armboard should not exceed 90 degrees to prevent brachial plexus injury. The right arm supported with arm guard must be secured correctly at patient’s side to prevent ulnar nerve injury. A safety belt is fastened over the higher thigh to prevent patient from falling. Foot roll is placed at the foot to prevent foot drop. Intra-operative phase Once the positioning is done, an antiseptic cleansing solution of Chlorhexidine 1:2000 is used for cleansing. The surgeon and the scrub nurse proceed with the draping. The scrub nurse firstly passed the head drape to the surgeon and the drape is then secured with 3 towel clips. Following that, an abdominal drape is placed on top Miss D’s body. The scrub nurse then set up the suction and coblator for the procedure that is then secured with a towel clip. The circulating nurse then performed surgical time out and ensures that both the suction tubing and Coblator cable is properly fixed to the machine. The Coblator consist of the first the suction cable that is connected to the suction, the second is the fluid line that is connected to 500mls Normal Saline and lastly the Coblator cable to the Coblation machine. The scrub nurse and circulating nurse will inform the surgeon the placement of the Coblator foot switch. During the procedure, the circulating nurse anticipates the needs of the scrub nurse and the surgeon and maintains high cleanliness and housekeeping of the operating room. White soft paraffin is firstly applied around Miss D lips and then the Boyle-Davis mouth gag with the appropriate Doughty tongue plate size is given to the surgeon which is then introduced and opened with care not to damage Miss D lips, teeth and posterior pharyngeal wall with the tongue blade in midline. Draffin’s bipods are used to secure the mouth gag in optimal position. The scrub nurse must ensure that the patient’s neck and shoulder posteriorly is properly covered with the sterile drapes to prevent Miss D from getting burn by the metal bipods stand when the surgeon uses the diathermy. Once the mouth gag is in place, the surgeon uses the Yankauer sucker end to suck the saliva of to get a good view of the tonsils. Next Xylocaine 2% with adrenaline is then injected onto the tonsil. The tonsil is then grasped with the tonsil holding forcep and drawn medially. The scrub nurse will then remove the Yankauer sucker and connect the sucker tubing to the Coblator. Incision is then made with the Coblator at the area of the mucosa medially to the free edge of the anterior pillar to the depth of surgical capsule. The dissection is performed strictly at the loose areolar tissue between the capsule and superior constrictor muscle of pharynx. The surgeon begins the dissection in the upper pole and then inferiorly to the junction of the tonsil and base of the tongue until the final detachment of tonsil. When doing this, the surgeon has to be careful not to damage the bilateral arterial supply of the uvula (Hazarika Nayak, 2005). As soon as the tonsil is out, the fossa is immediately packed with tonsil squares. The tonsil squares is carefully removed and bleeding points are identified and diathermized using the Coblator. The scrub nurse will then pass out the tonsil and informed the circulating nurse the nature and side of specimen that is then placed in the appropriate bottle with the correct and proper labeling. Similar steps are done for the other side of the tonsil. A soak tonsil square with Hydrogen Paroxide is then placed at the operated site and removed. Normal saline wash is then used to wash the operated site. Scrub nurse together with circulating nurse performs the closure count. Final inspection is done by surgeon to check the operated site for bleeding. At the end of the procedure, the fossa should be absolutely dry. The scrub nurse then performed the final count with the circulating nurse. Upon removal of the Boyle-Davis mouth gag, the scrub nurse must ensure that Miss D teeth has not been dislodge and the temporal mandibular joint has not been dislocated during the procedure (Hazarika Nayak, 2005). Post-Operative Phase During extubation, the scrub nurse maintained her sterility and the sterility of the trolley. It is also important that the suction tip and suction tubing are not dismantled until the patient is wheel out of the operating room (Fairchild, 1996). This is as a precaution that Miss D may have bleeder and the surgeon need to go in to stop and suck the bleeding points. Once extubated, the airway of Miss D is maintained and suctioning of the collected blood from the nasopharynx is done. Miss D is then transferred to the trolley with sufficient manpower. All pressure points are assessed. Miss D is position with the head of the trolley raised up so that if the hemorrhage begins the blood will flow out of the nose and mouth and not downwards to the larynx. Finally Miss D is then transferred to the recovery room At the recovery area, it is essential for the recovery nurse to assess the ABC that is the airway, breathing and circulation. The anesthesia nurse will pass over the procedure done and the status of Miss D. The most common postoperative complications of tonsillectomy are hemorrhage. Hemorrhage can be differentiated into primary bleeding where bleeding occurs within 24 hours of the surgery and secondary bleeding where bleeding occurs most commonly between five to nine days postoperatively (Dent, 1997). The other complications can be pain, dehydration, fever, infection and emesis (Williams, Bulstrode O’connell, 2008). For the post-operative care, it is critical for the recovery nurse to monitor the vital signs to detect hemorrhage. Rapid increasing of pulse rate, increase pallor and vomiting of blood indicates bleeding and must be treated seriously. Inform the surgeon if bleeding occurs. The surgeon will then carefully inspect the tonsillar fossa for bleeding and Miss D may need to be transferred to the theatre where bleeding is then ligated (Hazarika Nayak, 2005). If patient is well, the patient is transferred to the general ward or private ward respectively. The pulse and blood pressure are monitored closely and no solid food is administered orally for a few hours. This reduces injury to the operated site but also ensures that should there be a bleeding or need to operate on the area again, the stomach is empty. Surgery cannot be conducted on a patient with food as this can cause the patient to aspirate the gastric contents and cause choking. If no complications are seen, Miss D is encouraged to eat and drink cold and soft diet and then followed by her usual normal diet. For pain relieve, the doctor will order analgesia for the Miss D. Oral antibiotics is ordered and to be taken for one week after the surgery to decrease morbidity (Hazarika Nayak, 2005). Miss D is allowed to go home the next day if well and appointment for follow up clinic is made. There are basically many methods for tonsillectomy procedure, which includes cold steel dissection, monopolar or bipolar diathermy, laser and Coblation. Therefore it is important for a perioperative nurse to be knowledgeable and familiar with the procedure, methods of the surgery, surgeon preference and instruments. Besides this, it is also important for the perioperative nurse to know the possible complications that may occur and how to care for the patient not only during pre-operatively and intra-operatively but also post-operatively as all this plays the vital key to the success of the surgery.

Chadwick Inc. Essay Example

Chadwick Inc. Essay Case Analysis: Chadwick Inc. case analysis Hamzah. Najib, Mustapha, Syed Hasan Background of Case 6: CHADWICK, INC. : THE BALANCED SCORECARD (ABRIDGED) Chadwick. Inc was a diversified producer of personal consumer products and pharmaceuticals. The Norwalk Division of Chadwick developed, manufactured and sold ethical drugs. The company was respected for the high quality of its products. Norwalk sold its products through several key distributors who supplied local markets. Norwalk relied on its excellent relations with the distributors who promote Norwalk’s products to customers and also received their feedbacks about new products desired. Chadwick’s long-term success depended on how much money distributors could make by promoting and selling Norwalk’s products. But, recent inroads by generic manufacturers had been eroding distributors’ sales and profit margins. With regards to its Research and Development, The development of ethical drugs was a lengthy, costly, and unpredictable process. The development and testing processes had many stages, starting with the discovery of compound, extensive and tedious testing, and documentation. Norwalk’s profitability during the 1980s was sustained by one key drug discovered in the late 1960s. However, no smash hit drug had emerged during the 1980s, and the compounds going through development, evaluation and test was not as Norwalk management desired. Scientists in the RD lab are pressured to increase the yield of promising new products, reduce the time and costs of the development cycle. Scientists were currently exploring new bio-engineering techniques to create compounds that had the specific active properties desired rather than depending on an almost random search through thousands of compounds. However, the bio-engineering procedures were costly. We will write a custom essay sample on Chadwick Inc. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chadwick Inc. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chadwick Inc. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A less expensive approach was to identify new applications for existing compounds that had already been approved for use. Suggestions for possible new applications from existing products could be obtained from Norwalk salesmen in the field who were now being trained not only to sell existing products for approved applications, but also to listen to end users feedbacks. Norwalk’s manufacturing processes were considered among the best in the industry as they can quickly and efficiently produce drugs once they had cleared governmental regulatory processes. Challenging financial targets were set for divisions to meet, which were expressed as Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). As a diversified company, Chadwick wanted to be able to deploy the returns from the most profitable divisions to those divisions that held out the highest promise for profitable growth. Bill Baron, Comptroller of Chadwick, had been searching for improved methods for evaluating the performance of the various divisions as division managers complained about the continual pressure to meet short-term financial objectives. He liked the idea of a Balanced Scorecard as it balances short-run financial objectives with the long- term performance of the company. John Greenfield, the Division Manager at Norwalk was sceptical of how much freedom he had to develop and use such a scorecard. Divisional Controller, Wil Wagner, who was involved in the process for creating Balance Scorecards for Norwalk Division lamented that he did not have a clear understanding of the vision and business strategy for Norwalk, which serve as a foundation to build the scorecard. Major Issue: The major issue of the case is with regards to company’s current processes in its RD to develop new products which were lengthy, costly and unpredictable. There is the need to make significant investments in RD to improve the current processes so as to enable the company to sustain and achieve success in the long run. Another major issue is that the company has inadequate or poor performance measurement to ensure managers’ efforts are rewarded for meeting the long term, strategic objectives of the company. Presently, the company only sets Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) as the challenging financial target for the divisions to meet, which places continual pressure on division managers to meet short-term financial objectives at the expense of long-term, strategic objectives in business that requires extensive investments in risky projects to yield long-term returns. Hence, the idea of Balance Scorecard was introduced to the company. SWOT analysis Strength 1)Good reputation: Chadwick Inc. has been established for more than 50 years and it has been known for its high quality products. The quality factor provides the competitive advantage for the company in the pharmaceutical industry. 2)Manufacturing process: The company’s manufacturing process is considered one of the best in the industry. The production process also includes producing separate batches of new products specifically for testing and evaluation purposes. 3)Excellent distributor relationship: This is the main factor that affects the company’s product success. Apart from making the products available in the local markets, the distributors of Chadwick Inc. lso serves the purpose of spokesperson. They will promote the company’s new products and increase the awareness among people about the existence, functions and benefits of the products. They also listen to customer opinions and this enables Chadwick Inc. to receive timely customer feedbacks about their products through their distributers. Weakness 1)Extensive and tedious testing process: In Chadwick Inc. , 30,000 compounds have to be tested before certain products are approves for sale. Although this extensive testing procedures has positive impact towards the product quality and durability, it also causes the production process to be lengthy and costly, resulting in increase of manufacturing and overhead expenses. 2)Challenging financial targets based on ROCE: The top management in Chadwick Inc. has been setting challenging financial targets for the division managers. The financial targets have been set based on Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), which is considered inappropriate for a pharmaceutical company. Due to the desperateness to meet the specified target, there is tendency for the division managers to try to manipulate the actual data to reduce the gap between the budgeted results and the actual results. 3)Pressure to increase yield: The top management has also been pressurizing the scientists of Chadwick Inc. to increase the yield of the products and to reduce the time and cost of production. Generally, if the top management emphasizes on reducing the cost, it may have negative effects on the quality of the products. Therefore, it may result in customer dissatisfaction or loss of customer loyalty. Opportunities 1)Bio-engineering techniques: The bio-engineering mechanism can help the scientists to identify only the active compounds which desired and useful applications, instead of the random search process currently employed by the scientists. Then, they will perform tests on each and every one of them to find useful applications on the compound. This traditional search process results in wastage and very time-consuming since only one or two compounds may have beneficial applications out of ten compounds developed. On the other hand, the bio-engineering mechanism can save time and cost for testing process. Although it requires a huge amount of investment, in the long-run, it will result in reduction on cost of production and more efficient production process as it can eliminate wastage and other irrelevant testing procedures. 2)Changing global environment: Chadwick Inc. ’s products have only been sold in the domestic markets, despite its good reputation and period of existence of more than 50 years. Nowadays, the awareness about healthcare has been increasing all over the world. This indicates the increased global demand for pharmaceutical products. Therefore, it is best for Chadwick inc. to seek opportunity to enter into the global market. Since it has a good reputation as an established pharmaceutical company, it would be rather easier to venture into the global markets and thus, gaining more customers and higher revenue. Threats 1)Recent inroads by generic manufacturers: Generic products are products which are not patented and therefore, it can be produced by many manufacturers. These products usually have higher demand and since there are many manufacturers, it is competitively-priced. The recent inroads by generic manufacturers may affect Chadwick Inc. ’s competitive position in the industry and one of the new entrants may emerge as a bigger player in the industry compared to Chadwick. 2)Too dependent on the distributors: Chadwick Inc. ’s product success mostly depends on the distributors’ effort in promoting them and increasing the awareness among people. They currently do not have an alternative promotional strategy rather than relying on the distributors. In the long run, this may cause the distributors to have higher bargaining power and make expensive demands to Chadwick Inc. in order to promote their products. Critical Success Factors for Chadwick Inc. †¢Customer’s satisfaction-Being in the pharmaceutical industry where the competition is mostly based on differentiation and the customers value the product based on the quality and not its cost, the most important critical success factor for a company is customer satisfaction. This is related to the quality of the product. So, the company should focus on value added processes to ensure high quality of its product that meet customers’ requirement and fulfil their satisfaction †¢Research and Development- To stay competitive in the long run and meet constantly changing expectations from customers, the company should invest significantly in research and development . Proper investment in RD will ensure efficient subsequent business processes and development of high quality products that meet customers’ expectations, and thus fulfil their satisfaction. Products- Being in the pharmaceutical industry, it is very important that every new drug that has been developed and approved to be unique from other competitors’ and patented. Patented drug could generate enormous revenues to a company as it prevents other companies from selling the same drug, thus making the company who produced such drug to be the sole distributor or seller. †¢Internal Business Process- Internal business proc ess is very critical to the a company’s success. The processes, especially in manufacturing, should be cost-efficient and speedy enough to reach the customers. †¢Information and communication system- Sound information and communication system is critical to a company’s long-term success since it facilitates exchange of information within the company and between the company and the outside parties. Useful information such as suggestions from employees or feedbacks of customers that are communicated in a timely manner will enable the company to make decision more effectively. Problem Identification From the case, Chadwick Inc. faces several problems within the company which can potentially harm its long-term sustainability and profitability unless the top management do something to address these problems swiftly. Among the problems are: 1) Vision and Mission: As complained by the Divisional Controller of Chadwick, the company currently does not have clearly defined business vision and strategy. Without clear understanding and communication of business vision and strategy across all levels and members of the company, the employees or managers, especially, may commit and direct their efforts or the company’s resources in a way that may be deviated from the vision and strategic objectives of the company. By having clear business vision and mission, it will provide goal congruency, which align manager’s fforts with the company’s strategic objectives 2) Research and Development: With regards to its RD, the problem is that the development of ethical drugs was a lengthy, costly and unpredictable process that involves extensive and tedious testing and documentation. This problem may explain why the company has not been able to produce any blockbuster drug in 1980s since the discovery of one key drug in late 1960s. Besides, scientists are pressured by management to develop promising drug and to reduce cycle time and cost. As a result, the new drug quality may no t meet the criteria and approved by government. The current process in development cycle is considered obsolete and needs to be replaced by new systematic technique such as bio-engineering technique that can significantly reduce time and costs, and enhance the potential of developing new promising product. 3) Performance Measurement: Currently, Chadwick only has one financial measure to evaluate the performance of its various divisions, which are Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). The challenging financial targets set for the various divisions to meet may lead to unnecessary cost cutting measures which can undermine the quality of products. Besides ROCE, does not address long term objective of the company, in which divisions’ managers may disregard critical long-term investments such as buying new equipment or replacing the old obsolete assets if their minimum rate of return is less than the divisions’ current ROCE. This is because, making such investment will reduce their ROCE, which can give negative impression in the performance evaluation Recommendations: The main problems faced by the Chadwick as discussed earlier are particularly in the aspect of goal congruency and the performance measurement. To solve such problems, the company is recommended to adopt a strategic performance measurement system that takes into account â€Å"What gets rewarded, really counts; what counts, get measured; what gets measured get done; what gets done, get rewarded† Therefore, we recommend the company to use Balance Scorecard which provides comprehensive measure of performance for each division and to ensure each business activities of the company are directed towards achieving the strategic objectives of the company . But firstly, the company should establish clear and proper business vision and mission for the Balance Scorecard to work effectively. By having clear business vision and strategy, efforts and resources will be committed towards achieving such vision. For example, the company’s vision could be â€Å"We strive to be the most valued company to customers, employees, investors and business partners†. The company’s vision will provide broad guidelines on how Balance Scorecard is to be designed and is communicated in terms of goals which will be identified in the Balance Scorecard. Balance Scorecard basically provides a four perspectives framework to translate strategy into operational terms. The four aspects of Balance Scorecard are financial, customer, internal business process and learning and growth. These aspects are critical success factors, on which the performance of organizational units can be assessed, which also function to achieve the company’s vision and mission. Balance Scorecard links strategy to operations, serves as a record of results achieved, indicates expected results and focuses on drivers of future performance In each of the perspectives, the main objective will be defined, along with measures to be taken, specific targets and initiatives to be carried out to achieve this objective. Performance will be measured based on how effective the division’s or manager’s efforts and activities in achieving the objectives in each of the four perspectives. Financial perspective of Balance Scorecard how the company’s financial position or performance will be looked by the shareholders. In this aspect, the main indicators of performance is the company’s profitability, cost reduction, and the shareholder value. For example, the company, instead of just using ROCE, can also use Residual Income(RI) and Economic Value Added (EVA) as a basis of performance evaluation for financial perspective. Since RI and EVA are based on monetary value, not in term of percentage as in ROCE, the managers may be motivated to accept investments (which may be critical to the company’s success) as long as they provide positive net income, although the minimum rate of returns of such investments are lower than the current ROCE. Customer Perspective relates to how a company serves the needs of customers and fulfil their satisfaction to be successful. The issues to be addressed are to identify market, how to attract new customers and retain existing customers. Among the important criteria to in relation to this perspective are price and quality of products, service, customer relationship, and reputation. For example, one specific measure to evaluate the performance could be the response time to customer’s inquiry Internal Business Process basically addresses how a company can improve its internal business processes that will satisfy and add value to customers or shareholders. Among the key performance indicators are reduced cycle time, cost per unit, and increase in productivity. For example, the objective could be to improve the quality of work place and the specific measure could be the percentage of employee who report that they are satisfied, while the target set is 80% of employee report that they are satisfied, and the initiative to be taken to achieve this objective is to establish comprehensive HR plan. As internal business process is important aspect of company’s long term success and included in the performance measurement, manager may be motivated to improve the current business processes by making new investments. For Chadwick case, for example, manager may switch to bio-engineering technique to replace the current process in RD as this initiative will ensure the company’s sustainability and profitability in the long run, which are in line with the long term strategy or vision of the company. Learning and growth perspective commits a firm to continually learn to excel and be flexible in their process to adapt to changing economic environment, and to meet changing customer demands and shareholder expectations. Among important aspects of this perspective are new skills acquired by employees and intellectual assets. In this aspect, a firm identifies the infrastructure that an organization must build to create long-term growth and improvement. For example, Chadwick may invest in information technology and systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to facilitate exchange of critical internal and external information such as distributors’ feedback about the customers or suggestion from employees that will improve the overall process and satisfy customers.

Free Essays on Baseball Strike

On August 12, 1994 professional baseball players went on strike for the eighth time in the sports’ history. Since 1972, negotiations between the union and owners over contract terms has led to major economic problems and the absence of a World Series in 1994. All issues were open for debate due to the expiration of the last contract. Until 1968, no collective bargaining agreement had ever been reached between the owners and the players (Dolan 11). Collective bargaining is the process by which union representatives for employees in a bargaining unit negotiate employment conditions for the entire bargaining unit (Atlantic Unbound). Instead, the players were at the mercy of each owner who possessed the exclusive right, at the close of each season, to resign each player on his roster. If the owner chose to renew a players contract, that player had the option of agreeing to those terms or not playing baseball. As a result of the obvious imbalance in the labor situation, the players attempted on several occasions to organize a union. Although this process may seem like a simple one, baseball has proven that it can be very difficult. The players have been represented by various unions in the twentieth century, all of which have failed until the current union, the Major League Baseball Players Association. After fourteen years of negotiations between the current union and the owners’ representative, the first ‘basic labor agreement’ between the two parties was reached. Led by Marvin Miller in 1968, the players received higher minimum salaries, better health insurance plans, and increases in retirement benefits. These so called â€Å"Basic Agreements† in major industries usually turn out to be more complex. As a result, strikes and lockouts have occurred ever since (Koppett 23). The baseball strike which occurred in 1994 was really about one thing; money. Two major issues led directly to the interruption and eventually the cancellatio... Free Essays on Baseball Strike Free Essays on Baseball Strike On August 12, 1994 professional baseball players went on strike for the eighth time in the sports’ history. Since 1972, negotiations between the union and owners over contract terms has led to major economic problems and the absence of a World Series in 1994. All issues were open for debate due to the expiration of the last contract. Until 1968, no collective bargaining agreement had ever been reached between the owners and the players (Dolan 11). Collective bargaining is the process by which union representatives for employees in a bargaining unit negotiate employment conditions for the entire bargaining unit (Atlantic Unbound). Instead, the players were at the mercy of each owner who possessed the exclusive right, at the close of each season, to resign each player on his roster. If the owner chose to renew a players contract, that player had the option of agreeing to those terms or not playing baseball. As a result of the obvious imbalance in the labor situation, the players attempted on several occasions to organize a union. Although this process may seem like a simple one, baseball has proven that it can be very difficult. The players have been represented by various unions in the twentieth century, all of which have failed until the current union, the Major League Baseball Players Association. After fourteen years of negotiations between the current union and the owners’ representative, the first ‘basic labor agreement’ between the two parties was reached. Led by Marvin Miller in 1968, the players received higher minimum salaries, better health insurance plans, and increases in retirement benefits. These so called â€Å"Basic Agreements† in major industries usually turn out to be more complex. As a result, strikes and lockouts have occurred ever since (Koppett 23). The baseball strike which occurred in 1994 was really about one thing; money. Two major issues led directly to the interruption and eventually the cancellatio...